Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which
of the following statements regarding human motives is not accurate? a. | Everyone shares
the same set of social needs. | b. | Most biological motives reflect survival
needs. | c. | The strength of social needs varies from person to
person. | d. | Humans have a larger number of social needs than biological
needs. | | |
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2.
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What
do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, play, and dominance? a. | They are all
drives. | b. | They are all biological needs. | c. | They are all
social needs. | d. | They are all social-based biological
motives. | | |
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3.
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Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England, Dexter grew up in a large city in
West Germany. You should expect that Imogene and Dexter have a. | the same social
needs, but different biological needs | b. | the same biological needs, but different social
needs | c. | different biological and social needs | d. | the same
biological and social needs | | |
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4.
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Set-point theorists propose that people's set point depends on a. | their bone
structure | b. | their activity level | c. | the number of
fat cells they possess | d. | their current body weight | | |
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5.
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Heart
rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure increase sharply during which two phases of the human
sexual response? a. | excitement and
orgasm | b. | orgasm and resolution | c. | plateau and
orgasm | d. | excitement and plateau | | |
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6.
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A
person high in achievement motivation would be expected to show all but which of the following
characteristics? a. | greater
persistence on tasks | b. | tendency to seek immediate
gratification | c. | tendency to choose competitive
occupations | d. | tendency to choose tasks of intermediate
difficulty | | |
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7.
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Diane
has been feeling somewhat down for the past few days. Her sister suggests that if Diane smiled a
little more, she might feel better. This suggestion is consistent with a. | the two-factor
theory of emotion | b. | the James-Lange theory of emotion | c. | the common-sense
view of emotion | d. | the facial feedback hypothesis | | |
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8.
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Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following
explanations best represents the James-Lange theory? a. | "I'm
shaking because I'm afraid." | b. | "I'm afraid because I'm
shaking." | c. | "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on
fire." | d. | "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous
situation." | | |
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9.
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Relationship harmony is likely to be an important determinant of happiness in which of
the following types of cultures? a. | collectivist | b. | empirical | c. | actualized | d. | individualistic | | |
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10.
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Evidence regarding facial expression in different cultures and observation of the
blind suggests that a. | Schachter's two-factor theory is
correct | b. | facial expression of emotion is to a large extent
innate | c. | emotions originate in the cortex | d. | learning is the
major factor in explaining basic facial expressions | | |
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11.
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Which
of the following statements about the sexual cycle studied by Masters and Johnson is
true? a. | Orgasm is quite
different in males and females. | b. | During the refractory period, men cannot experience another
orgasm. | c. | The excitement phase occurs much more rapidly in women than in
men. | d. | The plateau
phase involves a decrease in bodily functions. | | |
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12.
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Your
gruesome, beastly jailer walks in and offers you the choice of being whipped or clubbed as your form
of punishment for the day. Assuming that neither alternative appeals to you, we could assume that you
would experience a. | an
approach-avoidance conflict | b. | an approach-approach conflict | c. | a thrill at
being given a choice | d. | an avoidance-avoidance conflict | | |
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13.
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Behavioral vacillation would be most apt to go with which type of
conflict? a. | approach-avoidance | b. | approach-approach | c. | avoidance-avoidance | d. | frustration | | |
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14.
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Dr.
Gouin believes that getting a promotion at work or getting married is just as stressful as losing a
job or getting a divorce. Dr. Gouin's beliefs are most like those of a. | Scheier and
Carver | b. | Miller and DiMatteo | c. | Friedman and
Rosenman | d. | Holmes and Rahe | | |
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15.
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Stressful events are most likely to lead to a. | annoyance,
anger, and rage | b. | apprehension, fear, and anxiety | c. | dejection,
sadness, and grief | d. | guilt, envy, and disgust | | |
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16.
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Psychosomatic illness refers to a. | the unconscious faking of physical
illness | b. | the conscious faking of physical
illness | c. | genuine physical illness caused at least partly by
psychological factors | d. | the misinterpretation of minor changes in physiological
functioning as symptoms of serious illness | | |
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17.
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In
the Featured Study on stress and the common cold, Cohen and his colleagues found that, in the
subsample of subjects without an infectious roommate a. | there was no
difference in the incidence of colds between high-stress and low-stress
subjects | b. | low-stress subjects were more likely to develop colds than
high-stress subjects | c. | the colds developed by low-stress subjects were more severe
than the colds in high-stress subjects | d. | high-stress subjects were more likely to develop colds than
low-stress subjects | | |
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18.
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The
fact that stress lies in the eye of the beholder illustrates the theme of a. | multifactorial
causation | b. | empiricism | c. | psychology in a
sociohistorical context | d. | the subjectivity of experience | | |
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19.
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The
week of final exams subjects most students to what kind of stress? a. | pressure | b. | change | c. | frustration | d. | conflict | | |
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20.
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Many
people believe that the mentally ill are violence-prone. This is because a. | they have
personally been the victims of such violence | b. | there actually
is a strong association between mental illness and violent tendencies | c. | the incidents of
violence involving the mentally ill receive a great deal of media attention | d. | violence is much
more common among mental patients than among the general population | | |
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21.
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The
Featured Study by Rosenhan (1973) showed that a. | most mental patients are extensively observed before an initial
diagnosis is made | b. | mental hospital staff often spend a great deal of time
interacting with patients | c. | our mental health system is biased toward seeing mental illness
in all potential patients | d. | it is extremely difficult to successfully fake the symptoms of
serious mental illness | | |
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22.
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DSM-IV uses five "axes" to describe a person's problem. The actual diagnosis
of a disorder is made on a. | Axis I only | b. | Axis II
only | c. | Axis I and
II | d. | Axis
V | | |
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23.
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Damian has brief attacks of overwhelming anxiety in which his heart pounds and he
can't control his breathing. He never knows when the next attack is going to occur. In this case,
Damian's symptoms are most consistent with a. | generalized anxiety disorder | b. | a conversion
disorder | c. | panic disorder | d. | schizophrenia | | |
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24.
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Doris
feels terrified every time she leaves her house, and avoids doing so whenever possible. Doris is
most likely suffering from a. | generalized anxiety disorder | b. | claustrophobia | c. | agoraphobia | d. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | | |
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25.
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An
unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is
called a. | a
delusion | b. | an obsession | c. | a
compulsion | d. | a hallucination | | |
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26.
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According to Mowrer, phobic responses are acquired through __________ conditioning and
maintained through __________ conditioning. a. | classical; operant | b. | classical;
classical | c. | operant; classical | d. | operant;
operant | | |
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27.
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Depression is an example of a __________ mood disorder. a. | bipolar | b. | unipolar | c. | cyclical | d. | dissociative | | |
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28.
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Personality disorders are characterized by a. | extreme,
inflexible personality traits | b. | hallucinations and delusions | c. | an inability to
function outside of a hospital setting | d. | extremely inconsistent behavior across a variety of
situations | | |
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29.
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In
the past 9 months Andrew has been fired by three different employers. He was unreliable and often
missed work, and each employer finally let him go when they found he had been stealing money and
materials. Andrew feels no remorse over his actions, but he has managed to convince each of his
former employers that he is sorry for his actions, and none of the employers plan to press any
charges. In this case, Andrew's behavior is consistent with that seen in a. | antisocial
personality disorder | b. | bipolar disorder | c. | dissociative
identity disorder | d. | avoidant personality disorder | | |
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30.
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Which
of the following are disorders that occur cross-culturally? a. | generalized
anxiety disorder and panic disorder | b. | hypochondriasis and somatization
disorder | c. | schizophrenia and bipolar mood
disorder | d. | bulimia and anorexia nervosa | | |
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31.
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Prior
to the 18th century, people who exhibited abnormal behavior were thought to be __________ and were
treated through __________. a. | possessed by evil spirits; exorcism | b. | mentally ill;
exorcism | c. | mentally ill; verbal psychotherapy | d. | possessed by
evil spirits; drug therapy | | |
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32.
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Inflated self-esteem, distractibility, heightened emotionality, and grandiose planning
are all symptoms associated with a. | fugue states | b. | bipolar
disorders | c. | dissociative disorders | d. | obsessive-compulsive disorders | | |
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33.
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Rogers named his technique "client-centered therapy" to emphasize his belief
that a. | clients should
play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy | b. | clients should
always be the center of attention | c. | therapists should always share all of their thoughts, feelings,
and experiences with clients | d. | the client is in a position of natural status and authority
over the therapist | | |
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34.
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Lange
tells his therapist: "My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about
what happens to me." Lange's therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about
him, but she tells him: "I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be
difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment." In this interaction, Lange's
therapist is displaying the quality that Carl Rogers termed a. | unconditional
positive regard | b. | genuineness | c. | clarification | d. | empathy | | |
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35.
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When
Donovan was four years old he was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as he was
walking past a fire hydrant. As an adult, Donovan is still fearful of fire hydrants and avoids
walking near them. Based on principles of classical conditioning, Donovan's current fear of fire
hydrants is a. | an unconditioned
response | b. | a result of observational learning | c. | a conditioned
response | d. | a result of counterconditioning | | |
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36.
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The
use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the a. | gradual approach
to the feared object | b. | direct confrontation with the feared
object | c. | use of real objects instead of
imagination | d. | transfer of treatment to real-life
situations | | |
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37.
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A
therapist cures a man of his sexual attraction to children by pairing pictures of children with
painful electric shocks. The procedure being used here is a. | systematic
desensitization | b. | aversion therapy | c. | extinction | d. | social skills training | | |
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38.
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Behavior therapies appear to be particularly effective in the treatment
of a. | major
depression | b. | antisocial personality disorder | c. | phobias | d. | multiple-personality disorders | | |
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39.
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Antipsychotic drugs a. | gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and
delusions | b. | are effective in about 95 percent of psychotic
patients | c. | tend to produce an immediate, but short-lasting,
effect | d. | are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical
psychotic disorder | | |
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40.
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A
major drug that has been used to control mood swings in bipolar mood disorders is a. | lithium | b. | Thorazine | c. | Prozac | d. | Xanax | | |
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41.
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The
transferring of treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities
is referred to as a. | mainstreaming | b. | exit-transfer therapy | c. | decentralization | d. | deinstitutionalization | | |
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42.
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Which
of the following has not been an outcome of deinstitutionalization? a. | a decrease in
the average inpatient population in state and county mental hospitals | b. | an increase in
the average length of stay in state and county mental hospitals | c. | an increase in
the number of mentally ill patients in local general hospitals | d. | more outpatient
care of psychological disorders | | |
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43.
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What
is the main reason we tend to make attributions about the causes of events, others' behavior, and our
own behavior? a. | We have a strong
need to understand our experiences. | b. | Attribution-making was selected for at some point in our
ancestral past. | c. | We have an unconscious urge to psychoanalyze the behavior of
others. | d. | Having access to information about others tends to fulfill our
need for power. | | |
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44.
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According to the notion of defensive attribution, we tend to explain the setbacks that
befall other people in terms of __________ causes. a. | internal | b. | external | c. | stable | d. | defensive | | |
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45.
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Which
of the following statements best reflects the principle of reciprocity? a. | We tend to like
others who seem to like us. | b. | We tend to be attracted to people who seem to dislike us
initially. | c. | We tend to be attracted to people who are generous to
others. | d. | We are attracted to people whose attitudes seem to be similar
to our own. | | |
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46.
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Milton has always been "in love with the idea of being in love," yet his
romances have been threatened by his feelings of jealousy. His current girlfriend, Emilia, often
assures him that she'll love him forever, but he's not so sure about that. Hazan and Shaver (1987)
would say that Milton is a. | perfectly normal | b. | avoidant | c. | anxious-ambivalent | d. | secure | | |
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47.
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Scott
spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered
that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, Scott would most
likely a. | continue to
extol the virtues of the club to his friends | b. | now "bad
mouth" the club to his friends | c. | engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive
attribution | d. | try to modify the behavior of the current club
members | | |
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48.
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Asch
found that group size made little difference if a. | the task was easy | b. | just one
accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group | c. | the experimenter
ridiculed the group's wrong answers | d. | the task was difficult | | |
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49.
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In
Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher
questioned whether the experiment should continue? a. | The teacher was
verbally abused. | b. | The teacher was shocked. | c. | The teacher was
given verbal prompts to continue. | d. | The teacher was requested to change places with the
learner. | | |
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50.
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The
rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the a. | display
rule | b. | reciprocity
norm | c. | principle of
collectivism | d. | law of cognitive dissonance | | |
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