Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Mikayla wants to condition her dog to drool at the sound of the telephone, so she
plans to pair the sound of the ringing telephone with a tasty dog treat. To use classical
conditioning most effectively, Mikayla should present the tasty dog treat a. | a few seconds
before the telephone starts to ring | b. | at the same instant that the telephone
rings | c. | a half second after the telephone has started
ringing | d. | a few seconds after the telephone has stopped
ringing | | |
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2.
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Jerome is training to be a vacuum cleaner sales person. Initially, he got paid for
each customer he called on, even if the customer did not ask for a demonstration. Currently, he only
gets paid for actually demonstrating the product. Eventually, he will only get paid for actually
closing a sale. In this example, Jerome's sales skills are being developed through the use
of a. | classical
conditioning | b. | modeling | c. | negative
reinforcement | d. | shaping | | |
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3.
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Maxwell runs a lawn care service and he charges his clients based on the square
footage of their yard, rather than charging an hourly rate for his services. In this example, Maxwell
is working on a. | a fixed-ratio
schedule of reinforcement | b. | a fixed-interval schedule of
reinforcement | c. | a variable-ratio schedule of
reinforcement | d. | a variable-interval schedule of
reinforcement | | |
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4.
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Mary
takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test,
followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying
conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on __________ schedules. a. | fixed-ratio | b. | variable-ratio | c. | fixed-interval | d. | variable-interval | | |
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5.
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Negative reinforcement involves a. | the presentation of a pleasant
stimulus | b. | the presentation of an unpleasant
stimulus | c. | the removal of a pleasant stimulus | d. | the removal of
an unpleasant stimulus | | |
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6.
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Which
of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. | giving a child a
sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner | b. | paying a child
$1 for each "A" received on her report card | c. | stopping nagging
a child when he finally cleans his room | d. | cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she
"talks back" | | |
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7.
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Acquiring a behavior that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event
is a. | escape
learning | b. | negative reinforcement | c. | punishment
learning | d. | avoidance learning | | |
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8.
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Angela used to really enjoy diving for her school team, but at their most recent
diving practice she hit her head on the diving board during her last dive. Since then she hasn't
attended any of the team practices, and she refuses to dive. In this case, hitting her head on the
board acted as a. | punishment for
diving | b. | negative reinforcement for diving | c. | an unconditioned
response to diving | d. | a discriminative stimulus for attending team
practices | | |
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9.
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The
evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that a. | most species
respond to classical conditioning, but only mammals show operant
conditioning | b. | most species respond to operant conditioning, but only mammals
show classical conditioning | c. | differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various species
have led to some species-specific learning tendencies | d. | because all
species face the same adaptive challenges, species-specific learning tendencies will disappear as a
species evolves | | |
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10.
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Your
younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later your younger daughter
attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as a. | a noncontingent
reinforcer | b. | a negative reinforcer | c. | a positive
reinforcer | d. | a model | | |
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11.
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When
the UCS is removed and the CS is presented alone for a period of time, what will
occur? a. | classical
conditioning | b. | generalization | c. | acquisition | d. | extinction | | |
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12.
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John
says, "Please pass the salt." Ralph passes the salt. "Thank you," says John.
John's request precedes a behavior (salt passing) that is reinforced ("Thank you"). Thus,
the request "Please pass the salt" is a __________ for passing the salt. a. | discriminative
stimulus | b. | response | c. | positive
reinforcer | d. | conditioned stimulus (CS) | | |
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13.
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In
their efforts to understand memory storage, theorists have historically related it
to a. | the change of
seasons | b. | the water in a stream | c. | the technologies
of their age | d. | a library of documents | | |
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14.
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The
"magic number seven" describes the a. | duration of STM | b. | number of units
that may be encoded in LTM at one time | c. | most frequently occurring number on a set of
dice | d. | capacity of
STM | | |
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15.
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Which
memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"? a. | sensory
memory | b. | short-term memory | c. | long-term
memory | d. | all of these collectively | | |
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16.
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Which
of the following statements regarding the current view of short-term memory and long-term memory is
accurate? a. | The view that
short-term memory and long-term memory are separate is widely accepted. | b. | The effect of
interference applies only to information in long-term memory. | c. | Information
actually lasts longer in short-term memory than in long-term memory. | d. | Information in
short-term memory can be encoded semantically as well as phonemically. | | |
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17.
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A
student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an
example of a a. | schema | b. | chunk | c. | semantic
network | d. | script | | |
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18.
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We
can probably attribute the failing memory of senior citizens who move from a home they've lived in
for an extended time into another residence to a. | a protein deficiency | b. | the lack of
retrieval cues | c. | a lack of elaboration | d. | the confusion
associated with a decaying memory | | |
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19.
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This
multiple-choice question is an example of a __________ measure of retention. a. | recall | b. | recognition | c. | relearning | d. | reiteration | | |
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20.
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If it
takes you 10 minutes to memorize a list the first time and only 2 minutes to memorize it a week
later, then your "savings score" is __________ percent.
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21.
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The
basic tenet of the __________ theory of forgetting is that if you fail to use a memory, over time its
brain trace will fade. a. | interference | b. | retrograde | c. | decay | d. | anterograde | | |
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22.
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In
studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that a. | the mere passage
of time is the sole cause of forgetting | b. | the passage of time is more influential than what happens
during the time interval | c. | the passage of time is not as influential as what happens
during the time interval | d. | subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more
than those who remain awake | | |
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23.
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You
recently moved to a different town and have a new telephone number. Now you have difficulty
remembering your old telephone number because of a. | proactive interference | b. | retroactive
interference | c. | trace-decay | d. | memory
organization deficiencies | | |
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24.
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In
studies of __________, subjects are given false information about an event while hypnotized and are
subsequently tested for their recall of this event in a nonhypnotized state to see whether any false
memories are reported. a. | retrieval deficits | b. | hypnotic
pseudomemory | c. | mood-congruence effects | d. | hypnotic age
regression | | |
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25.
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The
subdivision of the declarative memory system made up of chronological recollections of personal
experiences is referred to as a. | network memory | b. | nodal
memory | c. | episodic memory | d. | event-evoked
memory | | |
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26.
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Practicing material already learned in order to improve retention is referred to
as a. | chunking | b. | memorization | c. | elaboration | d. | overlearning | | |
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27.
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Relative to massed practice, distributed practice is __________ when learning the
information in a textbook. a. | no different | b. | inferior | c. | superior | d. | there is no
reliable information on the relative effects | | |
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28.
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If
you group information according to similarities as an aid for later remembering, you are __________
that information. a. | organizing | b. | transferring | c. | processing | d. | encoding | | |
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29.
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Which
of the following is not listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored
information? a. | self-referent
encoding | b. | visual imagery | c. | rote
memorization | d. | elaboration | | |
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30.
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Which
of the following statements is false? a. | Humans are capable of producing about 100
phonemes. | b. | A letter of the alphabet is represented by more than one
phoneme if it has more than one pronunciation. | c. | All languages
use all of the phonemes of which humans are capable. | d. | Phonemes are
combined into morphemes. | | |
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31.
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Which
of the following statements is false? a. | Infants' first words are similar, even in different
languages. | b. | Infants' first words resemble the syllables they babble
spontaneously. | c. | The sounds babbled by babies from different cultures are
different right from the start. | d. | Infants' first words are likely to consist of sounds that are
easy to produce. | | |
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32.
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Eva
just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of
more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did
before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of a. | mental
set | b. | belief
perseverance | c. | priming | d. | the availability
heuristic | | |
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33.
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Jacob
is thinking of buying a $1 lottery ticket. In Lottery A his odds of winning are 1 out of a 1000, and
he may win $500. In Lottery B his odds of winning are 1 out of 5000, but he may win $5000. Based on
expected value theory, Jacob should a. | buy either ticket because both lotteries have the same expected
value | b. | buy a ticket from Lottery B because it has a higher expected
value | c. | buy a ticket from Lottery A because it has a higher expected
value | d. | not buy either ticket because both lotteries have very low odds
of winning | | |
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34.
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Any
psychological test should be seen as a. | measuring the person's typical
behavior | b. | tapping the constancies of a person's
behavior | c. | a sample of a person's behavior | d. | tapping a
person's absolute level of performance | | |
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35.
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An
elementary school child is given a test designed to determine whether or not she should be placed in
a class of "gifted" children. The test is probably a. | an intelligence
test | b. | an achievement
test | c. | a personality
test | d. | a vocabulary
test | | |
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36.
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If 30
percent of a reference group scored higher than you on a test, your score would be at
the a. | 30th
percentile | b. | 70th percentile | c. | 29th
percentile | d. | indeterminate from the available
information | | |
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37.
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In
correlating the scores from the even-numbered items on a test with those from the odd-numbered items,
a researcher would be measuring which of the following? a. | test-retest
reliability | b. | split-half reliability | c. | face
reliability | d. | inter-scorer reliability | | |
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38.
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Dr.
Iverson has had 25 students who have repeated her advanced Economics class over the past five years.
Each time, the student's grade for the second attempt in her course was nearly identical to the grade
received on the first attempt. This leads Dr. Iverson to conclude that her testing
procedures a. | provide valid
measures of student ability | b. | are well standardized | c. | provide reliable
measures of student ability | d. | successfully measures abstract reasoning
skills | | |
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39.
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If
the scores on a mechanical aptitude test are strongly correlated with performance in an auto
mechanics training class, the test would be said to be high in a. | reliability | b. | face validity | c. | construction
validity | d. | criterion-related validity | | |
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40.
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Frank
has an IQ of 60, completed the fifth grade, and is basically self-supporting; Frank would most
likely be classified as __________ retarded. a. | mildly | b. | moderately | c. | significantly | d. | severely | | |
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41.
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Which
of the following statements best reflects current government policy regarding the identification of
gifted children? a. | Schools should
not rely too heavily on IQ tests to select gifted children. | b. | The use IQ
scores in selecting gifted children is a violation of constitutional law. | c. | Schools should
restrict their selection of gifted children to those with special talents. | d. | A child cannot
be classified as gifted unless he or she has an IQ score of at least 130. | | |
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42.
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The
term used to refer to genetically determined limits on IQ is a. | reaction
range | b. | the normal curve | c. | reaction
time | d. | percentile
range | | |
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43.
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Which
of the following explanations of ethnic differences in IQ scores suggests that a person's beliefs
that others will attribute his or her possible failure to racial inferiority will lead to performance
anxiety and lower IQ scores? a. | reaction range | b. | stereotype
vulnerability | c. | self-monitoring hypothesis | d. | ethnic
standardization | | |
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44.
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Spearman argued that intelligence a. | is a series of unrelated factors | b. | is made up of a
"core factor" common to all intellectual abilities | c. | can change from
time to time | d. | is only seen in certain "school-type"
problems | | |
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45.
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Which
of the following is not one of the parts of Sternberg's triarchic theory of
intelligence? a. | contextual
subtheory | b. | general mental ability subtheory | c. | experiential
subtheory | d. | componential subtheory | | |
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46.
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Galton and Terman's belief that intelligence is largely inherited meshed well with the
social values of their era. This compatibility illustrates which of your text's unifying
themes? a. | Psychology is
empirical. | b. | Psychology is theoretically diverse. | c. | Psychology
evolves in a sociohistorical context. | d. | All of these statements are true. | | |
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47.
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What
kind of validity do tests such as the SAT and ACT particularly strive for? a. | content
validity | b. | construct validty | c. | absolute
validity | d. | criterion-related validity | | |
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48.
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Which
of the following groups shows the lowest correlation with respect to
intelligence? a. | fraternal twins
reared together | b. | fraternal twins reared apart | c. | identical twins
reared apart | d. | siblings reared together | | |
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49.
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The
two very broad categories of psychological tests are
a. | mental ability
and personality tests | c. | interest tests
and aptitude tests | b. | intelligence and
achievement tests | d. | aptitude and
attitude tests | | | | |
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50.
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Francis has applied for admission to a computer science program, and one of the
requirements for admission is the completion of a test that measures sequencing skills and abstract
reasoning skills. Her score on this test will be a major factor in the decision about whether to
admit her to the program. In this case, the test that Francis is scheduled to take would be
classified as
a. | an achievement
test | c. | a normative
test
| b. | a projective test
| d. | an aptitude
test | | | | |
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